Hugo Gernsback is also credited with creating science fiction fandom by encouraging readers of the stories in his magazines to communicate in his letter column. See my essay, “ When Mainstream America Discovered Science Fiction.” That term “science fiction” didn’t become widely known outside of the genre until the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Gernsback first called these stories scientifiction, but within a few years coined the term science fiction. Many within the genre consider science fiction originating with Hugo Gernsback’s Amazing Stories, first published in April 1926. Forster who lived until 1970 ever know this? When did science fiction fans first discover “The Machine Stops” and claim it for the science fiction genre? And did E. However, both stories had all the trappings of science fiction.Ī Modern Utopia is seldom remembered by science fiction fans, but “The Machine Stops” is considered one of the classics of the genre, and often reprinted in retrospective anthologies of science fiction short stories. Neither writer thought they were writing science fiction because, first, the term did not yet exist, and second, because Wells was promoting scientific socialism and Forster was protesting it. Wells novel, A Modern Utopia serialized in the Fortnightly Review in 19. It is a dystopian tale about a future society run by a machine. Forster’s story “The Machine Stops” was published in the November issue of The Oxford and Cambridge Review. London: Penguin, 2011.įind citation guides for additional books linked here.In 1909 E. Edward Morgan Forster, The Machine Stops, (n.d). The Machine Stops Penguin: London, 2011.ġ. Here are The machine stops citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.
London: Penguin, 2011.įorster, Edward Morgan. Forster, The Machine Stops, (London: Penguin, 2011).įorster, E.
Here are The machine stops citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style. If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator. The machine stops is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others. Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for The machine stops by E.
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